PSG has now secured the season-opening trophy on fourteen separate occasions.
The Parisian giants needed a dramatic leveler followed by a successful spot-kick decider to overcome their arch-rivals in the Gulf and capture a record-extending fourth consecutive French Super Cup title.
The Champions League holders appeared to be coasting towards a straightforward triumph in the match featuring the Ligue 1 champions and the French Cup holders after Ousmane Dembele opened the net in the opening stages.
However, Marseille struck two times late to take a surprise lead. Initially, Mason Greenwood scored from the spot-kick, before Willian Pacho unfortunately directed the ball into his own net for an own goal.
In a breathtaking turn of events, the Portuguese striker snatched a vital leveler in the final seconds to send the contest into a penalty shootout. PSG goalkeeper Chevalier then emerged as the hero, saving decisive attempts from Matt O'Riley and Traore.
In the shootout, Ramos, the midfielder, the full-back, and Desire Doue all converted with composure for Paris Saint-Germain to seal a convincing penalty win.
Now 14-time champions Paris Saint-Germain, who faced last season's Ligue 1 second-placed team Olympique de Marseille after achieving a league and cup double, have now won this competition for the twelfth time in the past 13 years.